No thorns at the base of the leaf

cross section of a twig
The pith is chambered.
cross section of a twig
The pith of the older part of the twig is solid.

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This key was developed by "bt" in June 1982. It was put into HTML format by Stephen Ostermiller in July 1997. Copies of the entire guide in zip format that may be taken to camp on a laptop are available to those who write.